山地城市典型硬化下垫面暴雨径流初期冲刷研究

为了解山地城市典型硬化下垫面暴雨径流初期冲刷效应,对山城重庆的8场暴雨进行了径流全过程监测,并与平原城市作了对比分析.结果表明:TSS(总悬浮物)、COD和TP来自城市交通干道的贡献较混凝土屋面大,而TN、NH3-N两者相当;对于重金属,除Cd外,城市交通干道重金属的EMC(Event Mean Concentration)值均高于混凝土屋面.城市交通干道,初期40%的暴雨径流携带了53%±16%TSS,66%±10%COD,59%±2%TN,58%±2%NH3-N,51%±5%TP;而混凝土屋面,初期40%的暴雨径流携带了64%±20%TSS,66%±17%COD,55%±14%TN,52%±14%NH3-N,56%±3%TP,建议两类硬化下垫面至少以初期40%的暴雨径流作为控制量.与平原城市相比,山地城市交通干道初期40%的暴雨径流携带污染负荷TSS与COD的比例比平原城市分别高出16%和22%,初期冲刷效应更加明显.     

厌氧氨氧化ASBR中亚硝氮和氨氮降解规律研究

采用生物膜ASBR反应器,研究了厌氧氨氧化反应过程中亚硝氮与氨氮降解速度的变化规律。结果表明,降解过程主要分为2个阶段:速度上升期(0~30 min)和速度下降期(30~150 min)。一阶指数衰减模型的模拟结果表明,20 min以后亚硝氮、氨氮降解速度逐渐减少,亚硝氮降解速度始终高于氨氮降解速度,但是两者差值随时间逐渐减少。     

西安市城市主干道路面径流初期冲刷效应

以西安市城市主干道南二环太白路高架桥为路面径流采样区域,采用人工等时间间隔采样方法,在桥梁排水立管对2010年9—11月的3场径流事件进行全程采样,测试径流过程SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、溶解性Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的浓度变化,研究路面径流的初期冲刷效应及其影响因素。结果表明,西安市城市主干道路面径流污染严重,降雨数小时后的末期径流仍具有较高的污染水平;径流过程污染物浓度变化规律与其赋存形态有关,SS、COD、Pb等以颗粒态为主的污染物的浓度随雨强变化剧烈波动,NH3-N、溶解态COD、溶解态Zn等以溶解态为主的污染物浓度变化受雨强影响较小,随径流过程呈逐渐减小趋势;路面径流初期冲刷现象并非普遍存在,与污染物的赋存状态和场次降雨特征密切相关,溶解态污染物易于出现初期冲刷现象,颗粒态污染物是否出现初期冲刷与场次降雨特征有关;测试的3场径流事件初期30%的径流携带的SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的负荷占场次径流总负荷的比例分别为21.8%～50.0%、25.5%～49.3%、36.3%～52.6%、52.6%～66.7%、26.8%～45.0%、27.2%～63.4%和36.2%～62.6%,表明仅对初期径流进行治理无法实现对西安市路面径流污染的有效控制。     

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND METALS REMOVAL FROM URBAN RUNOFF BY A SMALL LAKE1

ABSTRACT: A small lake in the Chicago Metropolitan Area was from 91 to 95 percent efficient in removing suspended sediment and from 76 to 94 percent efficient in removing copper, iron, lead, and zinc from urban runoff. Sediments accumulated in the lake in the form of an organic-rich mud at an average rate of 20 millimeters per year; this reduced lake storage and covered potential habitat for aquatic organisms. Copper, lead, and zinc concentrations were closely associated with suspended-sediment concentrations and with silt- and clay-sized fractions of lake sediment. Although concentrations of mercury and cadmium were near detection limits in runoff, measurable concentrations of these metals accumulated in the lake sediments.     

ASSESSING FLOOD MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES IN SHIJR AREA IN METROPOLITAN TAIPEI1

The Keelung River Basin in northern Taiwan lies immediately upstream of the Taipei metropolitan area. The Shijr area is in the lower basin and is subject to frequent flooding. This work applies micromanagement and source control, including widely distributed infiltration and detention/ retention runoff retarding measures, in the Wudu watershed above Shijr. A method is also developed that combines a genetic algorithm and a rainfall runoff model to optimize the spatial distribution of runoff retarding facilities. Downstream of Wudu in the Shijr area, five dredging schemes are considered. If 10‐year flood flows cannot be confined in the channel, then a levee embankment that corresponds to the respective runoff retarding scheme will be required. The minimum total cost is considered in the rule to select from the regional flood mitigation alternatives. The results of this study reveal that runoff retarding facilities installed in the upper and middle parts of the watershed are most effective in reducing the flood peak. Moreover, as the cost of acquiring land for the levee embankment increases, installing runoff retarding measures in the upper portion of the watershed becomes more economical.